环境治理中政府间利益博弈与机制设计

在环境治理中，中央政府和地方政府作为“经济人”为争取自身利益最大化展开竞争博弈，效用目标差异是导致其竞争的根本原因。为实现双方互利共赢的帕累托最优，应设计相应的激励机制以实现地方政府从竞争走向合作，实现地方利益与区域利益的统一，经济增长和环境协调一致，促进社会可持续发展。     

基于环境变量的中国土壤有机碳空间分布特征

研究中国土壤有机碳(Soil Organic Carbon,SOC)的空间分布特征对SOC储量估算以及农业生产管理具有重要意义。以全国第二次土壤普查2473个土壤典型剖面的表层(A层)SOC含量为研究对象,探寻地形、气候和植被等环境因素对SOC空间异质性分布的影响;以普通克里格法为对照,利用地理加权回归、地理加权回归克里格、多元线性回归和回归克里格模型建立SOC空间预测模型;并分别绘制了中国SOC的空间分布预测图。结果表明:(1)SOC含量与年均降水量、年均温、归一化植被指数、高程以及地形粗糙指数呈极显著相关关系;(2)平均绝对估计误差、均方根误差、平均相对误差和皮尔逊相关系数等模型验证指标表明地理加权回归的预测精度优于其他模型,可以更好地绘制SOC在大尺度上的空间分布特征;(3)较高SOC含量主要分布在研究区东北部、西南部以及东南部,而西北部SOC含量普遍偏低。本文以期从大尺度上探讨土壤属性与环境变量之间的相关关系,为全国土壤属性的空间制图提供一定的解决方案和思路。     

Soil fauna across Central European sandstone ravines with temperature inversion: From cool and shady to dry and hot places

Sandstone massifs with their deep ravines or gorges offer the instructive opportunity to study the response of organisms to steep environmental gradients. In 2008–2010, many groups of soil fauna were studied along transects across three ravines in the Bohemian Switzerland National Park (north-western Czech Republic), a part of the Elbe Sandstone Massif. Each transect included five sampling positions: two opposite edges, two opposite mid-slope positions, and the ravine bottom. The ravines had a specific microclimate characterized by temperature inversion. In general, the cooler and more humid ravine bottoms had also less acid soil with lower carbon content but enriched by litter of deciduous trees and herbs. The other transect positions were characterized by spruce (mid-slopes) and pine (edges) stands with mor humus, exposed to drought in the upper parts. The soil animal communities (identified to species level) differed substantially in dependence on their position along the transects. Ravine bottoms hosted a diverse soil fauna, including a rich macrofauna. The thick duff layer of acid soils on the slopes and edges hosted a poorer fauna but supported high densities of important decomposers such as enchytraeids, oribatid mites and microbivorous nematodes. In general, these were higher on the slopes, presumably due to the drought exposure of the edges. Vertical position in the ravine and soil pH were the most important factors explaining community composition. This confirmed that the area's high geomorphological diversity, leading to steep microclimatic gradients and heterogenous soil conditions, is a major cause of its high biodiversity. A shift in community structure in the lower parts of the ravines, observed after the first half of the study period, was possibly caused by summer flash floods. An increased frequency and severity of dry spells and flash floods due to heavy rains, predicted by relevant climate warming scenarios, will probably have an detrimental effect on the ravines'soil fauna.     

论明清以来壮族种植结构的变迁

壮族是典型的稻作民族。明清以来,其农作物的种植结构因受地形、气候等自然地理因素,以及农作物的引进、人口的迁移等人文地理因素的影响,壮族地区农作物种植结构具有显著的特征。主要是平原地区农作物种植的品种不断增加,但水稻种植一直占据绝对的主导地位,而玉米、麦等杂粮在种植结构中的比重,大致呈由平原、丘陵向山地不断提升的趋势。这种变化正是壮族适应边疆民族地区农业地理环境的结果。     

琥珀酸黄杆菌促生机理及其对多年生黑麦草生长和抗逆性的生理调控作用

为探究琥珀酸黄杆菌（Flavobacterium succinicans）对非生物胁迫下多年生黑麦草（Lolium perenne）的缓解效应,本试验研究了菌株DSM4002的生物学特性,并在盆栽条件下,分析了干旱（维持相对含水量（30±5）%处理7 d和14 d）、低温（4℃处理3 d和7 d）和盐胁迫（150 mM NaCl处理5 d和10 d）下根际接种DSM4002对多年生黑麦草生长和生理特性的影响。结果表明,DSM4002具有分泌吲哚乙酸（Indole-3-acetic acid,IAA）、溶磷和产铁载体能力,对壮观霉素、卡那霉素等具有抗性,对氯霉素敏感。同时,接种DSM4002能够提高正常生长、干旱、低温和盐胁迫下多年生黑麦草的生物量、抗氧化酶活性、可溶性糖和脯氨酸含量,降低相对电导率和丙二醛（Malondialdehyde,MDA）含量。综上,琥珀酸黄杆菌促进多年生黑麦草的生长与其自身具有分泌IAA、溶磷和产铁载体能力有关,而且它能够调节植物体内氧化还原平衡,从而增强多年生黑麦草的抗旱、抗寒和抗盐能力。     

New Method to Study In-situ Stress of Rock Mass by AE and Structure Analysis of Rock Mass

In this paper, the authors adopt a method of structural analysis and stereography in combination with acoustic emission Kaiser Effect test in laboratory to find out the main direction of initial stresses. For overcoming the shortcomings of Kaiser effect by comparing it with traditional methods of measuring in-situ stresses, it is shown that this method is simpler, more economical and convenient for a large number of measurements and for studying the law of changes of regional in-situ stresses.     

日光温室茄子冠气温差与环境因子之间的关系研究

系统地研究了日光温室内茄子冠气温差的变化规律与环境因子之间的关系,运用回归方法建立了主要气象因子与冠气温差之间的数量关系。深入分析了不同土壤水分条件下日光温室内茄子冠气温差与土壤含水量的关系,并建立了二者之间的相关方程,得出了诊断茄子水分状况的指标。     

Welfare and environmental benefits of integrating commercially viable free-range broiler chickens into newly planted woodland: A UK case study

The commercial, welfare and environmental impacts of rearing small colonies of free-range chickens in newly planted woodland at two sites in the UK, during the first 2 years of the enterprise, were investigated. Newly planted rather than established trees were used so that commercially viable species could be planted in a way that would suit the management of the chicken enterprise, and small colonies were used so that farmers wishing to diversify could buy into the system progressively. It was anticipated that marketing a high specification product would provide an immediate income, whilst waiting for the future investment in trees to grow.